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  <ul>
    <li><a href="#切片的定义">切片的定义</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#切片的长度和容量">切片的长度和容量</a></li>
        <li><a href="#切片表达式">切片表达式</a></li>
        <li><a href="#使用make函数构造切片">使用make()函数构造切片</a></li>
        <li><a href="#切片的本质">切片的本质</a></li>
        <li><a href="#判断切片是否为空">判断切片是否为空</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#切片不能直接比较">切片不能直接比较</a></li>
    <li><a href="#切片的赋值拷贝">切片的赋值拷贝</a></li>
    <li><a href="#切片遍历">切片遍历</a></li>
    <li><a href="#append方法为切片添加元素">append()方法为切片添加元素</a></li>
    <li><a href="#切片的扩容策略">切片的扩容策略</a></li>
    <li><a href="#使用copy函数复制切片">使用copy()函数复制切片</a></li>
    <li><a href="#从切片中删除元素">从切片中删除元素</a></li>
    <li><a href="#练习题">练习题</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
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            <h1 class="post-title">Go语言基础之切片</h1>
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        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年9月3日
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            <h1 id="go语言基础之切片">Go语言基础之切片</h1>
<p>本文主要介绍Go语言中切片(slice)及它的基本使用。</p>
<h1 id="引子">引子</h1>
<p>因为数组的长度是固定的并且数组长度属于类型的一部分，所以数组有很多的局限性。 例如：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">arraySum</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">x</span> [<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">sum</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">v</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">range</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">x</span>{
        <span style="color:#a6e22e">sum</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">sum</span> <span style="color:#f92672">+</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">v</span>
    }
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">sum</span>
}
</code></pre></div><p>这个求和函数只能接受<code>[3]int</code>类型，其他的都不支持。 再比如，</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> [<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>}
</code></pre></div><p>数组a中已经有三个元素了，我们不能再继续往数组a中添加新元素了。</p>
<h1 id="切片">切片</h1>
<p>切片(Slice)是一个拥有相同类型元素的可变长度的序列。它是基于数组类型做的一层封装。它非常灵活，支持自动扩容。</p>
<p>切片是一个引用类型，它的内部结构包含<code>地址</code>、<code>长度</code>和<code>容量</code>。切片一般用于快速地操作一块数据集合。</p>
<h2 id="切片的定义">切片的定义</h2>
<p>声明切片类型的基本语法如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">name</span> []<span style="color:#a6e22e">T</span>
</code></pre></div><p>其中，</p>
<ul>
<li>name:表示变量名</li>
<li>T:表示切片中的元素类型</li>
</ul>
<p>举个例子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#75715e">// 声明切片类型
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>              <span style="color:#75715e">//声明一个字符串切片
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span> = []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{}             <span style="color:#75715e">//声明一个整型切片并初始化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span> = []<span style="color:#66d9ef">bool</span>{<span style="color:#66d9ef">false</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>} <span style="color:#75715e">//声明一个布尔切片并初始化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> = []<span style="color:#66d9ef">bool</span>{<span style="color:#66d9ef">false</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>} <span style="color:#75715e">//声明一个布尔切片并初始化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>)              <span style="color:#75715e">//[]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>)              <span style="color:#75715e">//[]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span>)              <span style="color:#75715e">//[false true]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>)       <span style="color:#75715e">//true
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>)       <span style="color:#75715e">//false
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>)       <span style="color:#75715e">//false
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#75715e">// fmt.Println(c == d)   //切片是引用类型，不支持直接比较，只能和nil比较
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="切片的长度和容量">切片的长度和容量</h3>
<p>切片拥有自己的长度和容量，我们可以通过使用内置的<code>len()</code>函数求长度，使用内置的<code>cap()</code>函数求切片的容量。</p>
<h3 id="切片表达式">切片表达式</h3>
<p>切片表达式从字符串、数组、指向数组或切片的指针构造子字符串或切片。它有两种变体：一种指定low和high两个索引界限值的简单的形式，另一种是除了low和high索引界限值外还指定容量的完整的形式。</p>
<h4 id="简单切片表达式">简单切片表达式</h4>
<p>切片的底层就是一个数组，所以我们可以基于数组通过切片表达式得到切片。 切片表达式中的<code>low</code>和<code>high</code>表示一个索引范围(左包含，右不包含)，也就是下面代码中从数组a中选出<code>1&lt;=索引值&lt;4</code>的元素组成切片s，得到的切片<code>长度=high-low</code>，容量等于得到的切片的底层数组的容量。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> [<span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>}
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>]  <span style="color:#75715e">// s := a[low:high]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;s:%v len(s):%v cap(s):%v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>), cap(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>))
}
</code></pre></div><p>输出：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">s:<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> 3<span style="color:#f92672">]</span> len<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>s<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:2 cap<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>s<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:4
</code></pre></div><p>为了方便起见，可以省略切片表达式中的任何索引。省略了<code>low</code>则默认为0；省略了<code>high</code>则默认为切片操作数的长度:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>:]  <span style="color:#75715e">// 等同于 a[2:len(a)]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[:<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>]  <span style="color:#75715e">// 等同于 a[0:3]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[:]   <span style="color:#75715e">// 等同于 a[0:len(a)]
</span></code></pre></div><p><strong>注意：</strong></p>
<p>对于数组或字符串，如果<code>0 &lt;= low &lt;= high &lt;= len(a)</code>，则索引合法，否则就会索引越界(out of range)。</p>
<p>对切片再执行切片表达式时(切片再切片)，<code>high</code>的上限边界是切片的容量<code>cap(a)</code>，而不是长度。<strong>常量索引</strong>必须是非负的，并且可以用int类型的值表示;对于数组或常量字符串，常量索引也必须在有效范围内。如果<code>low</code>和<code>high</code>两个指标都是常数，它们必须满足<code>low &lt;= high</code>。如果索引在运行时超出范围，就会发生运行时<code>panic</code>。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> [<span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>}
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>]  <span style="color:#75715e">// s := a[low:high]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;s:%v len(s):%v cap(s):%v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>), cap(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>))
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>]  <span style="color:#75715e">// 索引的上限是cap(s)而不是len(s)
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;s2:%v len(s2):%v cap(s2):%v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span>), cap(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span>))
}
</code></pre></div><p>输出：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">s:<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> 3<span style="color:#f92672">]</span> len<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>s<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:2 cap<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>s<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:4
s2:<span style="color:#f92672">[</span>5<span style="color:#f92672">]</span> len<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>s2<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:1 cap<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>s2<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:1
</code></pre></div><h4 id="完整切片表达式">完整切片表达式</h4>
<p>对于数组，指向数组的指针，或切片a(<strong>注意不能是字符串</strong>)支持完整切片表达式：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[<span style="color:#a6e22e">low</span> : <span style="color:#a6e22e">high</span> : <span style="color:#a6e22e">max</span>]
</code></pre></div><p>上面的代码会构造与简单切片表达式<code>a[low: high]</code>相同类型、相同长度和元素的切片。另外，它会将得到的结果切片的容量设置为<code>max-low</code>。在完整切片表达式中只有第一个索引值(low)可以省略；它默认为0。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> [<span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>}
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>]
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;t:%v len(t):%v cap(t):%v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>), cap(<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>))
}
</code></pre></div><p>输出结果：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">t:<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> 3<span style="color:#f92672">]</span> len<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>t<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:2 cap<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>t<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>:4
</code></pre></div><p>完整切片表达式需要满足的条件是<code>0 &lt;= low &lt;= high &lt;= max &lt;= cap(a)</code>，其他条件和简单切片表达式相同。</p>
<h3 id="使用make函数构造切片">使用make()函数构造切片</h3>
<p>我们上面都是基于数组来创建的切片，如果需要动态的创建一个切片，我们就需要使用内置的<code>make()</code>函数，格式如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">make<span style="color:#f92672">([]</span>T, size, cap<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li>T:切片的元素类型</li>
<li>size:切片中元素的数量</li>
<li>cap:切片的容量</li>
</ul>
<p>举个例子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">10</span>)
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>)      <span style="color:#75715e">//[0 0]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">//2
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(cap(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">//10
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><p>上面代码中<code>a</code>的内部存储空间已经分配了10个，但实际上只用了2个。 容量并不会影响当前元素的个数，所以<code>len(a)</code>返回2，<code>cap(a)</code>则返回该切片的容量。</p>
<h3 id="切片的本质">切片的本质</h3>
<p>切片的本质就是对底层数组的封装，它包含了三个信息：底层数组的指针、切片的长度(len)和切片的容量(cap)。</p>
<p>举个例子，现在有一个数组<code>a := [8]int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}</code>，切片<code>s1 := a[:5]</code>，相应示意图如下。
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://gitee.com/itmxs/images/raw/master/img/slice_01.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="slice_01" src="https://gitee.com/itmxs/images/raw/master/img/slice_01.png" />
        </a>
    切片<code>s2 := a[3:6]</code>，相应示意图如下：
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://gitee.com/itmxs/images/raw/master/img/slice_01.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="slice_02" src="https://gitee.com/itmxs/images/raw/master/img/slice_01.png" />
        </a>
    </p>
<h3 id="判断切片是否为空">判断切片是否为空</h3>
<p>要检查切片是否为空，请始终使用<code>len(s) == 0</code>来判断，而不应该使用<code>s == nil</code>来判断。</p>
<h2 id="切片不能直接比较">切片不能直接比较</h2>
<p>切片之间是不能比较的，我们不能使用<code>==</code>操作符来判断两个切片是否含有全部相等元素。 切片唯一合法的比较操作是和<code>nil</code>比较。 一个<code>nil</code>值的切片并没有底层数组，一个<code>nil</code>值的切片的长度和容量都是0。但是我们不能说一个长度和容量都是0的切片一定是<code>nil</code>，例如下面的示例：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">s1</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>         <span style="color:#75715e">//len(s1)=0;cap(s1)=0;s1==nil
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{}        <span style="color:#75715e">//len(s2)=0;cap(s2)=0;s2!=nil
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">s3</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//len(s3)=0;cap(s3)=0;s3!=nil
</span></code></pre></div><p>所以要判断一个切片是否是空的，要是用<code>len(s) == 0</code>来判断，不应该使用<code>s == nil</code>来判断。</p>
<h2 id="切片的赋值拷贝">切片的赋值拷贝</h2>
<p>下面的代码中演示了拷贝前后两个变量共享底层数组，对一个切片的修改会影响另一个切片的内容，这点需要特别注意。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[0 0 0]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">s1</span>             <span style="color:#75715e">//将s1直接赋值给s2，s1和s2共用一个底层数组
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>] = <span style="color:#ae81ff">100</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s1</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[100 0 0]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[100 0 0]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><h2 id="切片遍历">切片遍历</h2>
<p>切片的遍历方式和数组是一致的，支持索引遍历和<code>for range</code>遍历。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>}

	<span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> &lt; len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>); <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span><span style="color:#f92672">++</span> {
		<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>[<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>])
	}

	<span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">index</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">value</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">range</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> {
		<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">index</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">value</span>)
	}
}
</code></pre></div><h2 id="append方法为切片添加元素">append()方法为切片添加元素</h2>
<p>Go语言的内建函数<code>append()</code>可以为切片动态添加元素。 可以一次添加一个元素，可以添加多个元素，也可以添加另一个切片中的元素(后面加…)。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>(){
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>)        <span style="color:#75715e">// [1]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>)  <span style="color:#75715e">// [1 2 3 4]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">6</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">7</span>}  
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">s2</span><span style="color:#f92672">...</span>)    <span style="color:#75715e">// [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><p>**注意：**通过var声明的零值切片可以在<code>append()</code>函数直接使用，无需初始化。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>)
</code></pre></div><p>没有必要像下面的代码一样初始化一个切片再传入<code>append()</code>函数使用，</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{}  <span style="color:#75715e">// 没有必要初始化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>)

<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>)  <span style="color:#75715e">// 没有必要初始化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>)
</code></pre></div><p>每个切片会指向一个底层数组，这个数组的容量够用就添加新增元素。当底层数组不能容纳新增的元素时，切片就会自动按照一定的策略进行“扩容”，此时该切片指向的底层数组就会更换。“扩容”操作往往发生在<code>append()</code>函数调用时，所以我们通常都需要用原变量接收append函数的返回值。</p>
<p>举个例子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#75715e">//append()添加元素和切片扩容
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">numSlice</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> &lt; <span style="color:#ae81ff">10</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span><span style="color:#f92672">++</span> {
		<span style="color:#a6e22e">numSlice</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">numSlice</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>)
		<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;%v  len:%d  cap:%d  ptr:%p\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">numSlice</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">numSlice</span>), cap(<span style="color:#a6e22e">numSlice</span>), <span style="color:#a6e22e">numSlice</span>)
	}
}
</code></pre></div><p>输出：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#f92672">[</span>0<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:1  cap:1  ptr:0xc0000a8000
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> 1<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:2  cap:2  ptr:0xc0000a8040
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> 2<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:3  cap:4  ptr:0xc0000b2020
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> 3<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:4  cap:4  ptr:0xc0000b2020
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span> 4<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:5  cap:8  ptr:0xc0000b6000
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span> 5<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:6  cap:8  ptr:0xc0000b6000
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span> 6<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:7  cap:8  ptr:0xc0000b6000
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">6</span> 7<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:8  cap:8  ptr:0xc0000b6000
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">6</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">7</span> 8<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:9  cap:16  ptr:0xc0000b8000
<span style="color:#f92672">[</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">6</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">7</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">8</span> 9<span style="color:#f92672">]</span>  len:10  cap:16  ptr:0xc0000b8000
</code></pre></div><p>从上面的结果可以看出：</p>
<ol>
<li><code>append()</code>函数将元素追加到切片的最后并返回该切片。</li>
<li>切片numSlice的容量按照1，2，4，8，16这样的规则自动进行扩容，每次扩容后都是扩容前的2倍。</li>
</ol>
<p>append()函数还支持一次性追加多个元素。 例如：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
<span style="color:#75715e">// 追加一个元素
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;北京&#34;</span>)
<span style="color:#75715e">// 追加多个元素
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;上海&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;广州&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;深圳&#34;</span>)
<span style="color:#75715e">// 追加切片
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>{<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;成都&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;重庆&#34;</span>}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span><span style="color:#f92672">...</span>)
<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">citySlice</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[北京 上海 广州 深圳 成都 重庆]
</span></code></pre></div><h2 id="切片的扩容策略">切片的扩容策略</h2>
<p>可以通过查看<code>$GOROOT/src/runtime/slice.go</code>源码，其中扩容相关代码如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">old</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">cap</span>
<span style="color:#a6e22e">doublecap</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> <span style="color:#f92672">+</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span>
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">cap</span> &gt; <span style="color:#a6e22e">doublecap</span> {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">cap</span>
} <span style="color:#66d9ef">else</span> {
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">old</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">len</span> &lt; <span style="color:#ae81ff">1024</span> {
		<span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">doublecap</span>
	} <span style="color:#66d9ef">else</span> {
		<span style="color:#75715e">// Check 0 &lt; newcap to detect overflow
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>		<span style="color:#75715e">// and prevent an infinite loop.
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>		<span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> &lt; <span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> &lt; <span style="color:#a6e22e">cap</span> {
			<span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> <span style="color:#f92672">+=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> <span style="color:#f92672">/</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>
		}
		<span style="color:#75715e">// Set newcap to the requested cap when
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>		<span style="color:#75715e">// the newcap calculation overflowed.
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>		<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&lt;=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> {
			<span style="color:#a6e22e">newcap</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">cap</span>
		}
	}
}
</code></pre></div><p>从上面的代码可以看出以下内容：</p>
<ul>
<li>首先判断，如果新申请容量(cap)大于2倍的旧容量(old.cap)，最终容量(newcap)就是新申请的容量(cap)。</li>
<li>否则判断，如果旧切片的长度小于1024，则最终容量(newcap)就是旧容量(old.cap)的两倍，即(newcap=doublecap)，</li>
<li>否则判断，如果旧切片长度大于等于1024，则最终容量(newcap)从旧容量(old.cap)开始循环增加原来的1/4，即(newcap=old.cap,for {newcap += newcap/4})直到最终容量(newcap)大于等于新申请的容量(cap)，即(newcap &gt;= cap)</li>
<li>如果最终容量(cap)计算值溢出，则最终容量(cap)就是新申请容量(cap)。</li>
</ul>
<p>需要注意的是，切片扩容还会根据切片中元素的类型不同而做不同的处理，比如<code>int</code>和<code>string</code>类型的处理方式就不一样。</p>
<h2 id="使用copy函数复制切片">使用copy()函数复制切片</h2>
<p>首先我们来看一个问题：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>}
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>] = <span style="color:#ae81ff">1000</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1000 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1000 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><p>由于切片是引用类型，所以a和b其实都指向了同一块内存地址。修改b的同时a的值也会发生变化。</p>
<p>Go语言内建的<code>copy()</code>函数可以迅速地将一个切片的数据复制到另外一个切片空间中，<code>copy()</code>函数的使用格式如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">copy<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>destSlice, srcSlice <span style="color:#f92672">[]</span>T<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li>srcSlice: 数据来源切片</li>
<li>destSlice: 目标切片</li>
</ul>
<p>举个例子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#75715e">// copy()复制切片
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>}
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>)
	copy(<span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>)     <span style="color:#75715e">//使用copy()函数将切片a中的元素复制到切片c
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>] = <span style="color:#ae81ff">1000</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[1000 2 3 4 5]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><h2 id="从切片中删除元素">从切片中删除元素</h2>
<p>Go语言中并没有删除切片元素的专用方法，我们可以使用切片本身的特性来删除元素。 代码如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#75715e">// 从切片中删除元素
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">30</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">31</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">32</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">33</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">35</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">36</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">37</span>}
	<span style="color:#75715e">// 要删除索引为2的元素
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[:<span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>], <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>:]<span style="color:#f92672">...</span>)
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">//[30 31 33 34 35 36 37]
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><p>总结一下就是：要从切片a中删除索引为<code>index</code>的元素，操作方法是<code>a = append(a[:index], a[index+1:]...)</code></p>
<h2 id="练习题">练习题</h2>
<p>1.请写出下面代码的输出结果。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> = make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">10</span>)
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> &lt; <span style="color:#ae81ff">10</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span><span style="color:#f92672">++</span> {
		<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Sprintf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;%v&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>))
	}
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>)
}
</code></pre></div><p>2.请使用内置的<code>sort</code>包对数组<code>var a = [...]int{3, 7, 8, 9, 1}</code>进行排序(附加题，自行查资料解答)。</p>

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        <li><a href="/post/go_package/strconv/">Go-strconv</a></li>
        
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        <li><a href="/post/go_basic/go%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B9%8Bmap/">Go语言基础之map</a></li>
        
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        <li><a href="/post/go_basic/go%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95/">Go语言基础之单元测试</a></li>
        
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            <a target="_blank" href="http://yuedu.baidu.com/ebook/14a722970740be1e640e9a3e" title="Android Gradle权威指南">Android Gradle权威指南</a>
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